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Colouring crayons in rainbow colours arranged in the shape of a heart on a grey surface

The parent who tells a child “you’re so smart” after every good grade usually believes they’re building confidence — but when psychologists praised one group of children for being clever and another for working hard, the clever ones later backed away from anything difficult, gave up faster, and enjoyed it less the moment the work got hard

Telling a bright child they are bright is supposed to build confidence. In six experiments it did close to the opposite — and the honest version of the finding is smaller, and more hopeful, than either the classroom myth or the internet’s doom.

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The parent who still calls to check on a grown child’s grades, keeps track of who their friends are, and would phone a professor over a mark that seemed unfair usually believes they’re helping — but when researchers surveyed nearly three hundred college students, the ones whose parents hovered most reported the most depression and the least satisfaction with their own lives

A study of nearly three hundred college students found that the ones who described the most hovering parents also reported the most depression and the least satisfaction with their lives — and the likeliest reason is what constant help quietly tells a young adult about whether they can manage on their own.

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The older parent who grips every railing usually isn’t just reading a frail body — the fear of falling predicts who falls on its own, and the least worried often fall the least

We assume an older person’s fear of falling is a straightforward readout of a failing body. A year-long Australian study of five hundred people found something stranger: the fear runs partly on its own track, it predicts falls even in the physically steady, and the ones least worried were often the ones who fell least.

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